A pioneering study has revealed that Homo erectus, an ancestor of modern humans, successfully endured harsh desert environments more than a million years ago.
This finding had challenged the long-held belief that Homo sapiens were the first humans to adapt to such inhospitable terrains.
Moreover, the research, led by Julio Mercader Florin from the University of Calgary, suggested that Homo erectus exhibited remarkable resilience and strategic planning to survive in arid conditions. “This marks a turning point in the history of human survival and expansion in extreme environments,” Mercader Florin stated.
Previously, scientists assumed that early hominins, who diverged from other great apes, were confined to more forgiving ecosystems such as forests, grasslands, and wetlands. The Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, a significant prehistoric site in East Africa’s Great Rift Valley, was also thought to have hosted such ecosystems. However, new evidence indicated that this area was, in fact, a desert steppe between one and 1.2 million years ago.
The study, published in "Communications Earth & Environment", reconstructed the ancient ecosystem of the Olduvai Gorge by analysing archaeological, geological, and palaeoclimatic data.
Fossilised pollen from the Ephedra shrub, which thrives in arid conditions, along with signs of wildfires and drought, pointed to an extreme environment during the period.
Mercader Florin explained that Homo erectus adapted to these conditions by focusing on ecological hotspots such as river confluences, where food and water were more accessible. “Their ability to repeatedly exploit these focal points and adjust their behaviours highlights a higher level of resilience than previously assumed,” he noted.
Specialised tools, including hand axes, scrapers, and cleavers, were discovered at the Engaji Nanyori site within the gorge.
These tools indicated that Homo erectus processed animal carcasses, as evidenced by cut marks on bones of species such as cows, hippopotamuses, and antelopes. The marks suggested skinning and marrow extraction, demonstrating efficient resource use in a challenging environment.
“Our findings show that Homo erectus optimised their resource use to adapt to the challenges of arid environments, where resources were scarce and required complete utilisation,” Mercader Florin remarked.
He further explained that the species demonstrated adaptability to environments characterised by limited food resources, extreme temperatures, and high mobility demands.
This adaptability potentially extended their range into regions across Africa and Asia.
